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The correct choice is placing a silt fence at the down-gradient side of a construction site because it serves a critical function in controlling sediment runoff. A silt fence is designed to intercept and filter sediment-laden water as it flows down the slope, preventing soil erosion and keeping sediment from contaminating nearby water bodies. This is particularly important in construction areas where land disturbance can lead to increased sedimentation and potential environmental harm.

This measure is pivotal for maintaining compliance with environmental regulations and protecting local ecosystems, making it an essential best practice in construction site management.

The other options, such as excavation equipment, construction material storage, and heavy machinery, do not address the environmental concerns associated with erosion and sediment control. These items are typically placed for operational purposes and do not play a role in mitigating the risks related to sediment runoff.